Tag Archive for: positive psychology

About the good life and the happy life

Digitalisation makes a lot of things easier in our lives. But what really makes us happy in the digital age is not something digital, says happiness researcher and keynote speaker of the upcoming Swippa conference Prof. Dr. Joar Vittersø in this interview.

Mr Vittersø, in the western world we live in peace, usually have more than enough property and enough to eat – but somehow, it seems that we are not really happy, why?

I don’t know if I agree with your premises. True enough, progress optimists like Steven Pinker and the late Hans Rosling have presented tons of data on how wealth and prosperity increases in the world today. So clearly, many things are going well in the west and in the world overall. But people like Pinker deliberately avoid discussing the many alarming developments we are facing. Dramatic changes in the climate, for example, and increasing socioeconomic inequalities. We see more polarized, dogmatic and aggressive politicians, leaders who tear down the foundation for liberal democracies. So, reasons why we should not be too happy do indeed exist.

Nevertheless, a large majority of people in western countries report their life satisfaction to be relatively high. Whether or not that means that they are “really happy” is a tricky question. It depends among other things on how we conceptualize terms such as happiness and real happiness. Wellbeing researchers typically tell us that there is a conceptual agreement about what happiness is, and that it can be easily measured. I don’t agree. The so-called consensus about wellbeing is grounded on misunderstandings and sloppy thinking. As I see it, we are not in a position to make firm conclusions about happiness yet. Hence, I have some trouble being certain about people’s (true) happiness.

I believe it is important to have life projects that are meaningful and stimulating in the sense of offering opportunities to develop our potentials as human beings.

According to your research, what do people need to be happy?

Again, it depends on what you mean by happiness. If it is defined as life satisfaction, then happiness is typically about adjusting one’s expectations according to the circumstances. If happiness means pleasure, then fulfilling physical and psychological needs will make you happy. Being socially generous, having good family relations and nice friends contributes to pleasure and happy feeling as well. My research, on the other hand, includes more elements to the concept, and to avoid misunderstandings I prefer to talk about the good life rather than the happy life. A good life includes the elements above, and some others. I believe it is important to have life projects that are meaningful and stimulating in the sense of offering opportunities to develop our potentials as human beings. Some scholars call this kind of life a flourishing, or eudemonic life. That’s fine, but these more or less “catchy” words are just empty phrases unless we can specify them more coherently than we do today.

How can we influence our happiness?

There are many lists out there, with “quick fix” solutions for a happy life. Most of them include items such as cultivating your social relations, being thankful and having a sense of purpose and control in your life. Getting enough sleep is also very important, although, for some strange reason, it hardly reaches the top five ranking lists. What these advices have in common, tough, is their individualistic approach. They are privatizing the responsibility for the opportunities we have in our lives. Popular happiness advices concern YOU and what YOU can do with YOUR life. But humans are social animals and everything we do are embedded in culture. Hence, important “happiness influencers” are actually found in the way societies are constructed, in our political systems. This was the wisdom of ancient philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They talked about the importance of teaching young people how to find pleasure in the right things, and how societies must facilitate an environment that allows for human development.

Today, people in Switzerland, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries lead better lives than people in the UK and the USA (in general, that is). There are reasons for this difference, and they go beyond individual choices. In order to efficiently influence happiness, one must therefore look beyond our own privacy, to the social and cultural levels and find ways to organize societies in so that they increase rather than decrease the possibilities for human development and growth.

What influence does meaningful work have on happiness, what influence does fulfilled relationships have on happiness, and what is more important for happiness?

Both meaning and relations are important ingredients in a good life, although I do not know their respective influences precisely. As for meaning, there is a difference between leading a meaningful life and trying to figure out what a meaningful life is for you. These two elements of meaning are very different. The former is associated with life satisfaction and feelings of pleasure and happiness. The latter can, for some people, be rather negative, while for others it can be associated with personal growth and the developing wisdom. The search for meaning can be rewarding and contribute to feelings such as engagement and interest.

If things don’t go well in the relationship, but at work, can you compensate and still be happy?

Common sense suggest that it is better to be satisfied with one out of two life domains, compared with being dissatisfied with both. But I really don’t know how much one can compensate for a troublesome part, by being successful in another. I know, however, that without good social relations, other areas of life tend to suck as well.

How do social media and digital opportunities  like WhatsApp, Chats, Videocalls and Skype affect our relationships and happiness with them?

I am afraid that do not know that literature very well. Social media seem to have both good and bad consequences, and as most things in life, the effect varies from person to person. Some benefit more than others, and some suffer more than others. Those in the know seems to disagree about the long-term effects. Jean Twenge argues for instance that the consequences of social media are rather harmful and can be observed as a dramatic decrease in the mental health of teen-agers. Other says that she exaggerates the effect

What can you give our readers on the road to happiness?

Some people are born with a rosy outlook on the world. They are satisfied with their lives and have more positive than negative experiences. To them I would say that they are lucky. But also, that they are at risk of not living their lives to the fullest. This is a risk given by the fact that being satisfied literally means that we are pleased with things as they are. Many people with high scores on life satisfaction do indeed lead rich life, though, and they are both satisfied and developing their potentials. But not all satisfied people are like this.

Other people tend to look both ways. Some do not even think that being satisfied is a good thing, because satisfaction prevents them from see their potential for further development. To those I would say that there are many good things in life that are unrelated to pleasant feelings and satisfaction. Having a rich and varied emotional life is valuable in itself. Moreover, the literature tells us that some of the deepest and most important experiences in people’s lives are not typically described as pleasant or even satisfying. Rather they are described as immersion, a sense of wonder, as curiousness and engagement. Or as the feeling of being on to something important. The process of fulfilling life projects, or figuring things out, can be highly rewarding in itself. That element of life has value even if it does not enact pleasure and immediate satisfaction.

Finally, I believe that trying to be a morally mature person is important for a good life, even if it does not give much in terms of pleasure, satisfaction or the development of personal skills.


Zur Person

Prof. Dr. Joar Vittersø

Joar Vittersø ist Professor für Psychologie an der Universität Tromsø, Norwegen. Er hat über 60 wissenschaftliche Fachartikel und Buchkapitel publiziert und ist Herausgeber des Handbook of eudaimonic well-being. Er forscht zu Wohlergehen, Gesundheit und organisationalen Prozessen.


Swippa-Jahrestagung

Joan Vittersø ist neben Maike Luhmann Keynote-Speaker an der Jahreskonferenz der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Positive Psychologie (SWIPPA), die am 29. November an der Berner Fachhochschule Wirtschaft stattfindet. Alle Informationen zum Programm und die Anmeldung finden sie hier.

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Does digitalisation make us happier?

Digitalisation makes many things easier for us in our professional and private lives. Communication is possible in a variety of ways so that we can stay in touch with our friends and family at all times. What really makes us happy in the digital age is explained by happiness researcher and keynote speaker at the upcoming Swippa Conference Prof. Dr. Maike Luhmann in an interview. People in Switzerland and Europe live in peace, usually own more than enough things and have enough to eat – are we happy? Compared to countries that are not doing so well, we are actually happier on average. Average well-being tends to be particularly high in countries that are characterised by high economic performance, good health care and political conditions that allow for personal freedom and co-determination. Of course, there are very unhappy and very happy people in every country. What do people actually need to be happy? A large part of the differences in subjective well-being – this is the term we use to study happiness in psychology – can be explained by something we can hardly influence ourselves: our personality. People who are more emotionally stable and possibly also more extraverted tend to be happier than people who worry quickly and are more reserved. But external life circumstances also influence well-being. Poverty, unemployment, hunger, illness can strongly affect well-being, while good social relationships can strengthen well-being. How do life events – positive ones like winning the lottery or having children and negative ones like losing our job – affect us? Many life events have quite short-term effects on our well-being. For example, we find that, on average, life satisfaction among divorced people declines in the years leading up to the divorce, but quickly rises again after the divorce and, on average, returns to its baseline level just a few years after the divorce. The situation is different in the case of job loss. Here, many studies show that the well-being of unemployed people is permanently lower than before unemployment, even if they have found a new job again.

We humans are social beings, which means that most of us suffer when we do not have enough social relationships.

The findings on the birth of a child are particularly exciting. The birth of a child is a very joyful event for most people, but caring for and raising babies and young children is also very exhausting and tiring. In line with this, our findings say that parents experience more positive emotions after the birth of their child than before, but their life satisfaction and especially their satisfaction with their relationship decreases in the years after the birth. With regard to all these findings, it is important to note that they are always averages. We also find that people differ greatly in how much and for how long their well-being changes after life events. What influence do relationships have on our happiness? We humans are social beings, which means that most of us suffer when we don’t have enough social relationships, and we do better when we have a stable social network and a few people with whom we can have very close, familiar relationships. But again, it is important not to generalise this statement too much: How many relationships someone needs varies greatly from person to person. Some people need as many friends and acquaintances as possible around them all the time, for others a good relationship with a steady partner is enough, and still others feel most comfortable when they are alone a lot. And if things aren’t going well in the relationship, but they are at work, can you draw happiness from that? In fact, there is the phenomenon that deficits in one area of life can be compensated for by another area of life. In addition, not every area of life is equally important for all people. While relationships are important to many people, there are also many people who place a much higher value on their work. For these people, work is much more important for their life satisfaction than their relationships. How do social media and digital possibilities (Whatsapp/Chat/Videocall/Skype) affect our relationships and happiness with them? This is a contentious issue in current research. Some studies suggest that digitalisation can affect our well-being. For example, social media are blamed for supposedly increasing rates of depression and loneliness, among other things. Other studies, however, cannot confirm these effects. As with all social innovations, it is probably the case that digitalisation has both positive and negative consequences. What advice can you give our readers on the road to happiness? If you go to the advice section of a well-stocked bookshop, you are quickly led to believe that happiness is entirely in your own hands. In fact, there are a few things you can do to become happier, such as getting less upset about the little annoyances of everyday life, being grateful and expressing it, and focusing on what makes you feel good. But: One’s own well-being is also strongly influenced by factors that we can hardly or not at all influence, such as our personality or our external life circumstances. The downside of many guides is that they imply that it is your own fault if you are not happy. It is not that simple. So if you want to become happier, you can certainly do something, but you should be patient with yourself and not expect miracles.


The person

Prof. Dr. Maike Luhmann (©RUB, Kramer)

Maike Luhmann is Professor of Psychology at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, has published in excellent journals and is a member of the editorial board of two scientific journals. She researches the influence of life events on life satisfaction, adaptation processes and for the sources of motivation.


SWIPPA Annual Conference

Maike Luhmann is keynote speaker at the annual conference of the Swiss Society for Positive Psychology (SWIPPA), which takes place on 29 November at the Bern University of Applied Sciences in Economics. All information on the programme and registration can be found here.

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